On March 11, the World Health Organization officially classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic, indicating that every location is likely to be affected, though the exact timing and impact cannot be predicted. Non-essential international and domestic travel should be deferred due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global logistical environment, healthcare systems in all locations, the global economy, the potential for second-order security issues in the short, medium and longer term, as well as the risk of infection with COVID-19. A new virus, SARS-CoV-2, is the cause of COVID-19 disease. The WHO is still learning about the virus and the illness it causes. The disease is spreading from person to person, through contact with infected respiratory droplets. The disease is a mild illness for most; however, it can be severe or fatal to high risk groups.
For more information on confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally, refer to the latest Situation Report on the World Health Organization (WHO) website by clicking here. For more general information on the outbreak and WHO’s response, click here.
TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS IMPLEMENTED WORLDWIDE
Authorities in several countries have introduced travel restrictions and health screening measures at various airports amid the COVID-19 outbreak. While measures initially applied primarily to travelers arriving either directly or indirectly from China, some countries have now extended restrictions to travelers from high risk areas around the world. Meanwhile, some airlines have temporarily suspended flight operations. Travelers should anticipate related disruption at airports and reconfirm their itineraries, as well as the overall feasibility of their journeys, given the increased restrictions.
Countries around the world are implementing entry restrictions in an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19. For the most upto-date information on current entry restrictions, please visit IATA’s “Government Measures Related to Coronavirus (COVID19)” website by clicking here.
FROSCH TRAVEL RESOURCES
- US Travel Advisories
- Screening Measures & Travel Restrictions
- About COVID-19
- Symptoms & Treatment
- Prevention Tips
AMERICAS
UNITED STATES
Travelers should continue to exercise caution and follow all official directives amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health officials have voiced concerns over the move by state governments in recent weeks to lift internal restrictions on business operations and movement, as well as other social distancing measures, due to a significant increase in COVID-19 cases within at least 40 of the 50 states. As a result, some states have either paused or reversed course on their plans to re-openings.
Non-essential travel to the US, where COVID-19-related restrictions remain in force, should be deferred Foreign nationals who have been in several countries in the last 14 days will be barred from entering the country until further notice. These countries include: Brazil, mainland China (excluding Hong Kong and Macao SARs), those in the European Schengen area, Iran, Ireland and the UK. US citizens, legal residents, immediate family members of citizens, and select visa holders are exempt from this rule. All international flights are being rerouted through 13 major US airports, where screening measures are in place. Land border crossings with Canada and Mexico are closed to nonessential travel until July 21.
Beginning June 16, the Department of Transportation has imposed restrictions on passenger flights operated by Chinese airlines. Authorities have agreed to allow four weekly services between China and the US, as opposed to a previous plan to ban all flights between the two countries. The move comes amid ongoing tensions between the US and China over trade, COVID-19-related travel restrictions, and government responses. Travelers should monitor associated developments and plan journeys accordingly.
Authorities in the US and Canada have extended the closure of their mutual border to non-essential travel through July 21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Essential travel and freight movements are permitted. Canada previously indefinitely closed its borders to all travelers, except Canadian Nationals and their immediate family members, residents, accredited diplomats and air crew.
The Mexican and US governments have extended the closure of their mutual border to non-essential travel through July 21 amid the COVID-19 pandemic; however, essential travel, including for medical purposes, and freight transportation are still permitted.
On June 22, President Donald Trump announced new restrictions on immigration to the country, entailing the suspension of new primarily non-immigrant employment-based visas and permanent entry visas (commonly known as green cards) beginning June 24. US embassies and consulates worldwide will suspend the issuance of L-1 visas for intra-company transfers, H-1B visas for workers in specialty occupations, H-4 visas for spouses, H-2B visas for temporary non-agricultural workers, and most J-1 visas for work and student exchange visitors. Travelers should reconfirm their travel documentation prior to planning travel and monitor the status of the order.
On March 19, the US Department of State issued a Level 4 “Do Not Travel” advisory (highest level on a four-tier scale) recommending that its citizens avoid all international travel. US citizens abroad are advised to either arrange for an immediate return to the US or make preparations to remain outside the country for an extended period of time. This comes amid the COVID-19 pandemic and related disruption.
NATIONWIDE PROTESTS
Travelers in the US in the coming days should exercise caution and anticipate potential unrest linked to demonstrations over police brutality and reform. There are persistent underlying risks associated with such events, due to the emotive nature of the issue and the potential presence of firearms, counter-demonstrators or extremist individuals. Travelers attending such protests – or any large events – should be aware of their surroundings, maintain access to reliable means of communication, and leave at the first sign of unrest.
CONNECTICUT, NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK
Travelers on essential travel in the US should review their journey planning in light of the imposition by the governors of Connecticut, New Jersey and New York states of COVID-19-related restrictions on inbound travelers. Those arriving into the tri-state area from “hot-spot states,” including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Utah and Washington, will be required to self-quarantine for a period of 14 days or face large fines. While it has not yet been clarified how the measure will be enforced, travelers should follow all directives issued by authorities at airports or the states’ land borders. For more information on inter-state travel restrictions, click here.
ANGUILLA
Travelers should continue to defer travel to Anguilla due to ongoing restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Air and seaports are closed; cargo operations are exempt. Citizens entering Anguilla from outside the Caribbean will be quarantined for 14 days upon arrival; this could be at a government-run health facility or at the individual’s residence, subject to the assessment of a healthcare professional. During this time period, gatherings of 25 people or more are prohibited in both public and private places. Non-essential businesses are permitted to reopen; however, people must still maintain a distance of 3 feet, and establishments must have markings on the ground to control the social distance regulations. Violations of these rules will result in fines or imprisonment.
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country despite the reopening of borders. Airports and seaports have reopened as of June 1; however, flight availability remains limited. All arriving travelers must complete a health form; they are also subject to screening measures, such as temperature check and antigen test for COVID-19. Travelers in the country should continue to follow all local directives.
ARGENTINA
All travel to Argentina should be deferred due to COVID-19-related restrictions. Domestic and international commercial flights are suspended through September 1. Citizens and residents are allowed to enter the country; however, they must self-isolate for 14 days upon arrival. Although there are no restrictions on outbound travel, flights are severely limited. A nationwide quarantine that only permits residents to leave their homes for essential purposes has been extended through June 28. Those in Catamarca, Chaco, Jujuy, La Rioja, Misiones, Salta, and Santiago del Estero provinces must wear face masks in public.
An increase in dengue activity has been reported. The disease is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and a rash. Some people, especially infants, pregnant women and those who have been infected before, can get a more severe form that can lead to fatal complications. Prevention is mainly by avoiding mosquito bites. Although a vaccine is available in several locations, it is only recommended for people who have been infected with dengue in the past and are living or traveling in areas with high levels of dengue transmission.
ARUBA
Travelers should defer all travel to Aruba due to stringent travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic Effective July 10, entry will be permitted for travelers from the United States. No date is yet published for the suspension of entry to be lifted for other nationalities. Effective July 1, entry is permitted for travelers from Europe, Canada and other Caribbean nations (except Dominican Republic and Haiti). Arrivals must complete an online Embarkation/Disembarkation (ED) card. Travelers are strongly recommended to submit a self-health declaration form 72 prior to travel on www.aruba.com.
BAHAMAS
Essential travel to the Bahamas can resume after the authorities lifted all international and domestic travel restrictions on July 1. Entry to all islands will require a travel health card and a negative COVID-19 test taken no more than seven days prior to arrival. Wearing of masks is mandatory on all islands, while a curfew remains in effect from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time. Travelers in country should continue to follow all official directives.
BARBADOS
Non-essential travel to Barbados should be deferred due to COVID-19-related restrictions. All travelers entering the country are required to undergo thermal screening and a 14-day quarantine at a government-run health facility. Commercial flights into Barbados are scheduled to resume on July 12. The nightly curfew has been lifted; a weekend curfew remains in place from 10:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time from Fridays to Sundays through July 1. All businesses can reopen with social distancing and hygiene measures in place.
BELIZE
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Belize due to ongoing air, land, and sea border closures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A State of Emergency concluded on June 30. Philip S W Goldson International Airport (BZE), which serves Belize City, will reopen August 15, allowing passengers who prove they have tested negative for COVID-19 to enter the country via a “fast track” lane. Travelers will be asked to download a Belize Health App and complete the required information before departure. Upon arrival, travelers will receive QR codes with unique ID numbers, which will be used for contact tracing during their stay. Travelers are encouraged to take a COVID -19 test before departure; those who have tested negative within 72 hours of arrival will be allowed immediate entry with no quarantine. The use of face masks is mandatory in public spaces. Travelers in-country should monitor reliable sources for updated information on mobility restrictions and follow all official directives.
BERMUDA
Essential travel to Bermuda can resume after authorities lifted all international and domestic travel restrictions on July 1. Visitors need to complete the Bermuda Travel Authorization application online and a negative COVID-19 test taken no more than five days prior to arrival. Masks are mandatory on flights as well as on the island. A curfew remains in effect from 11:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time.
BOLIVIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Bolivia, where restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic remain in force. Those in La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz should monitor and abide by differing restrictions in each city. In La Paz, ‘flexible quarantine’ measures are due to remain in force until July 31. Santa Cruz will transition from a ‘strict’ to ‘flexible’ quarantine from July 6, while Cochabamba will remain under a ‘strict’ quarantine until at least July 10.
BRAZIL
Travelers in Brazil should continue to exercise caution and follow all official directives amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Restrictions on travel, public gatherings, and business operations remain in effect to varying extents throughout the country. An ongoing federal investigation into President Jair Bolsonaro, along with his dropping approval ratings, has raised questions regarding his potential ouster. Protests continue against Bolsonaro’s policies, particularly his handling of the health crisis, and further such demonstrations are expected.
US President Donald Trump announced on May 25 that an entry ban on foreigners traveling to the US from Brazil is in effect from 11:59 PM EDT on May 26. The restriction does not apply to travelers departing Brazil before these times. Any foreign national who has been in Brazil 14 days prior to arriving in the US will also be denied entry until further notice. This includes airport transit. US citizens, legal residents, immediate family members of citizens and select visa holders are exempt. Commercial flights are not suspended.
Through July 19, travelers in Ceara should continue to exercise caution and follow all COVID-19-related official directives. The state’s Governor, Camilo Santana, issued a state decree extending the period of lockdown in Ceara through July 19. The state is gradually reopening, and Fortaleza is currently at phase three, the second most relaxed stage of a four-phase transition cycle for resuming non-essential activities. Other municipalities in Ceara will continue to operate at phases one and two in the coming weeks.
BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
All travel to the British Virgin Islands should be deferred due to a nationwide curfew in effect from 7:00 PM to 6:00 AM local time for all businesses and services. Only essential workers are allowed to travel to and from work. Arrests will be made for any violation to these regulations. The country opened its borders to returning residents only on June 2. Non-resident visitors are not expected to be permitted to visit the islands until September 1 at the earliest.
CANADA
All travel to Canada, where an entry ban for most foreign travelers has been extended through July 31 amid the COVID-19 pandemic, should be deferred. Exceptions are being made for Canadian citizens and their immediate family members, as well as permanent residents and travelers from the US on essential journeys. An order requiring all incoming travelers to self-isolate for 14 days upon entering the country has also been extended through August 31. A similar measure prohibiting all non-essential movement across the US-Canada border remains in effect for both countries through July 21.
CAYMAN ISLANDS
Owen Roberts (GCM) and Captain Charles Kirkconnell (CYB) international airports remain closed until at least September 1, and only returning residents are allowed entry to the Cayman Islands as part of an effort to contain the spread of COVID-19. Inter-island flights are still operational, though flights from Grand Cayman to Cayman Brac and Little Cayman islands are limited to essential personnel and residents. Minister Alden McLaughlin ended the shelter at home order on May 11.
CHILE
Travelers should defer travel to Chile amid COVID-19-related restrictions. Authorities have extended quarantine until July 17 in the Santiago metropolitan region, which includes Buin, Calera de Tango, Colina, Curacavi, El Monte, Lampa, Melipilla, Padre Hurtado, Penaflor, Puente Alto; San Bernardo, San Jose de Maipo, Talagante and Tiltil communes; and Santiago province. Alto Hospicio, Iquique, Pozo Almonte, Los Andes, Quillota, San Felipe, Valparaiso, Vina del Mar, Graneros, Machali, Rancagua, and Curico communes are also under quarantine until July 17.
COLOMBIA
All travel to Colombia should be deferred amid stringent restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The closure of land and sea borders and suspension of all international flights have been extended through August 31, while domestic flights are suspended through at least July 1. A National Health Emergency is in place through August 31. Face masks are mandatory in public, while specifically assigned hours for essential movement are dependent on the last four digits listed of a person’s identification card. Travelers should abide by all official directives.
COSTA RICA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Costa Rica due to stringent COVID-19-related restrictions. Foreign nationals and non-residents are barred from entry, and borders will remain closed until August 1. Returning Costa Ricans or residents must undergo a 14-day quarantine. There are currently no restrictions on departing the country, though most international flights, including those to the US, have been cancelled. For most of the country, a ‘vehicular curfew’ is in effect from 10:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time on weekdays until further notice. From June 29, it will be mandatory to wear masks in all enclosed spaces, including in restaurants and on public transport.
An increase in dengue activity has been reported in Costa Rica. The disease is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and a rash. Some people, especially infants, pregnant women and those who have been infected before, can get a more severe form that can lead to fatal complications. Travelers should prevent infection by avoiding mosquito bites. Although a vaccine is available in several locations, it is only recommended for people who have been infected with dengue in the past and are living or traveling in areas with high levels of dengue transmission.
CUBA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Cuba due to restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective April 2, all flights to and from Cuba will be suspended indefinitely. Commercial cargo will be unaffected. All foreign travelers, including Cuban nationals who reside permanently abroad, are barred from entering the country; those currently in Cuba are allowed to exit. Travelers seeking to depart should contact their respective embassy for information on possible repatriation flights. Those planning to stay in Cuba should continue to follow official directives.
DOMINICA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country amid ongoing restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Douglas Charles (DOM) and Canefield (DCF) airports in Marigot and Roseau, respectively, are closed to incoming passenger flights until further notice. A curfew is in place from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time on weekdays and from 5:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time on weekends. Gatherings of more than ten people in public places are banned.
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
International and domestic travel restrictions to the Dominican Republic have been lifted. There are health and safety protocols in place in airports, which include temperature checks upon arrival to the island. A curfew and other internal restrictions remain in place.
ECUADOR
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Ecuador due to COVID-19-related restrictions. Entry restrictions are gradually being lifted, and most airports have resumed activity at a limited capacity. Guayaquil’s Jose Joaquin de Olmedo International Airport (GYE), the last airport to fully re-open, resumed domestic flights on June 15. An ongoing State of Emergency has been extended until at least August 16. Curfews, international and interprovincial travel, and business operations are regulated by a ‘traffic light’ system. In ‘Red’ areas, a nightly curfew is in place from 6:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time.
EL SALVADOR
All travel to El Salvador should be deferred amid ongoing stringent restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first of a five-phased reopening of the country will begin on June 16 and last through July 6. Strict quarantine measures have been lifted, though borders remain closed and all foreign nationals, except diplomats and legal residents, are banned from entering the country until further notice. Those entering El Salvador must quarantine at a military base for 30 days. Violations of quarantine measures are punishable. Travelers in country should exercise caution and comply with all official directives.
FRENCH GUIANA
All travel to French Guiana, where stringent restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic remain in effect, should be deferred. A State of Health Emergency is in place through October 30 and travel remains restricted to essential purposes. Internal movement restrictions, including local night-time and weekend curfews in main urban centers, continue to be enforced.
GRENADA
Maurice Bishop International Airport (GND), which serves St. George’s, will resume commercial flights in a phased manner beginning July 15, when regional flights are scheduled to restart operation. International commercial flights from Canada, Europe, and the UK will resume on August 1. Travelers will be categorized low, medium or high risk, depending on the point of departure and/or according to travel history, and will be required to follow health measures, including COVID-19 testing before departing.
GUATEMALA
All travel to Guatemala, where restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic remain in effect, should be deferred. All borders remain closed to foreign travelers until further notice. Guatemalan Nationals, residents and diplomats can enter via land crossings, but are subject to mandatory self-quarantine. An overnight curfew is in effect from 6:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time, Mondays to Saturdays, while a full lockdown is in place from 6:00 PM on Saturdays to 5:00 AM local time on Mondays.
GUADELOUPE
Dengue cases continue to be reported in Guadeloupe. The disease is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and a rash. Some people, especially infants, pregnant women and those who have been infected before, get a more severe form that can lead to fatal complications. Travelers should prevent infection by avoiding mosquito bites. Although a vaccine is available in several locations, it is only recommended for people who have been infected with dengue in the past and are living or traveling in areas with high levels of dengue transmission.
GUYANA
All travel to Guyana should be deferred after authorities extended a partial shutdown of the country’s airports through August 1 amid the COVID-19 pandemic. No inbound international flights are permitted at this time, with the exception of cargo and repatriation services. Guyanese Nationals returning are subject to a mandatory selfquarantine for seven days. While outbound international flights remain unrestricted, flight availability is severely limited. Travelers in country wishing to depart Guyana should check with the relevant diplomatic mission to discuss possible options. A nationwide curfew is in effect from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM local time through at least July 2.
HAITI
Authorities in Haiti have announced the reopening of Toussaint Louverture International Airport (PAP) in Port-auPrince and Cap-Haitien International Airport (CAP). Scheduled commercial flights may be operated beginning June 30 by multiple providers including American Airlines, JetBlue, and Spirit. US citizens do not require boarding letters or other permission documents from the US Embassy to make reservations or purchase tickets. Travelers wishing to depart from Haiti should speak directly to the airline for information regarding availability of flights.
Travelers in Haiti in the coming weeks should continue to exercise caution and follow all official directives amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Incidents of crime and unrest have reportedly increased, despite ongoing restrictions on mobility. The country’s security environment is likely to further deteriorate as the pandemic progresses due to preexisting socio-economic issues, including high crime rates and shortages of basic goods. The lack of infrastructure, medical supplies, and running water in rural areas has sparked recent incidents of unrest; further related protests are likely to occur.
HONDURAS
All travel to Honduras, where tight COVID-19-related restrictions remain in place, should be deferred. A nationwide curfew has been extended through July 12. Residents can go out from 7:00 AM to 5:00 PM local time on designated weekdays, depending on the last digit of their identification card, passport or resident’s card. Workers in essential sectors are exempt from the curfew but must carry documentation. A phased reopening of the economy is in progress except in Comayagua, San Pedro Sula, and Tegucigalpa, which remain at Phase Zero.
JAMAICA
Travel to Jamaica should be deferred due to restrictions implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of June 15, the country has reopened to international tourists, who are subject to medical screening and quarantine upon arrival and must present a travel authorization. Other social distancing measures, including an overnight curfew, a ban on gatherings of more than ten people, a stay-at-home order for persons aged 70 years or over and the mandatory wearing of masks in public spaces, including on public transportation, remain in place.
MEXICO
Travelers in Mexico should exercise caution and follow all official directives amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The USMexico land border remains closed to non-essential travel until at least July 21. A four-tiered ‘traffic light’ system, outlining how each region can reopen the economy, began on June 1. The security environment will remain volatile as organized criminal elements continue to diversify and resort to high-impact crimes to offset their economic losses linked to the pandemic. Furthermore, issues such as discontent with the government’s handling of the crisis, perceived inadequate government assistance and alleged police brutality will foment further civil unrest.
MONTSERRAT
All travel to Montserrat should be deferred due to restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. All foreigners are indefinitely banned from entering the territory. Citizens and residents of Montserrat, their immediate family members, and flight crew members are still allowed entry. All arrivals to Montserrat must self-isolate for 14 days upon entry. The island is transitioning out of a full lockdown beginning May 7; individuals may be in public between 5:00 AM and 5:00 PM local time Monday through Friday. One person per household to carry out essential functions, such as shopping for groceries or medicines, paying bills, etc. Individuals are also allowed to seek medical care during this time. Individuals may partake in outdoor exercise between 5:00 AM and 8:00 AM or 4:00 PM and 6:30 PM local time daily. Essential businesses, including supermarkets, banks, pharmacies, and petrol stations, are allowed to operate daily. Gatherings of more than four people are prohibited until the curfew is lifted. When in public, people must maintain social distancing of 6 feet at all times.
NICARAGUA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Nicaragua due to COVID-19-related travel restrictions. Although the government has not formally closed land borders, restrictions on entry implemented by neighboring countries render cross-border movement unviable for most travelers. Borders with Honduras and Costa Rica have reopened for cargo trucks but remain closed for non-commercial transportation. Commercial flights between Nicaragua and the US remain suspended until at least July 31. The US Embassy has advised its citizens in Nicaragua to shelter-in-place. Although authorities have issued no formal restrictions on internal movement or public gatherings, medical associations and municipalities requested residents to abide by a voluntary quarantine for three weeks. Several indigenous communities declared 30-day quarantine in effect from June 9, during which vehicle movement will be limited only to essential service providers.
PANAMA
All travel to Panama should be deferred amid restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. International flights remain suspended through July 23, while domestic flights remain suspended until further notice. Cargo, humanitarian, and repatriation flights continue to operate. The country’s borders are closed to foreign nationals and non-residents. A daily nationwide curfew is in place from 7:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time, and Panama and Panama West provinces are under a weekend curfew from 5:00 PM local time on Saturdays to 5:00 AM local time on Mondays; other internal restrictions remain in place.
PARAGUAY
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country due to COVID-19-related restrictions. All air, land, and sea borders remain closed to foreigners until further notice. All international commercial and charter flights also remain suspended. Paraguayan nationals, residents, and accredited diplomatic personnel are permitted to enter the country, but they must quarantine for 14 days at a military barracks. A curfew is in effect from 9:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time. On May 25, the country moved to phase 2 of its de-escalation plan, allowing most sectors to reopen with reduced capacity and social-distancing measures.
PERU
All travel to Peru should be deferred amid COVID-19-related restrictions. Commercial domestic and international flights are suspended until further notice. Authorities have extended a nationwide State of Emergency through July 31. Mandatory quarantine will be lifted in most of the country on July 1, though a nightly Monday-Saturday curfew from 10:00 PM to 4:00 AM local time will stay in effect. Ancash, Arequipa, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, Madre de Dios and San Martin regions will remain under mandatory quarantine with a nightly curfew from 8:00 PM to 4:00 AM local time from Monday to Saturday, with a 24-hour curfew on Sundays.
PUERTO RICO
Travelers in Puerto Rico in the coming weeks should continue to exercise caution and follow all official directives as COVID-19 related restrictions are relaxed. Businesses have widely reopened with limited capacity, and the territory will reopen to tourism from July 15. Concerns over food availability and distribution persist, particularly in the southern areas still recovering from a series of earthquakes in January.
ST. KITTS & NEVIS
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to St Kitts and Nevis due to COVID-19-related restrictions. On April 17, the government voted to extend the ongoing State of Emergency for six months. Authorities are intermittently lifting curfew restrictions and permitting businesses to operate on a limited basis. Travelers in-country should follow all official directives and monitor the local media for related information. Non-essential travel remains prohibited during curfew hours.
ST. LUCIA
Travelers should continue to defer travel to St Lucia despite the reopening of borders. Airports and seaports have reopened, but flight availability remains limited. There are still no restrictions on outbound travel. Non-essential businesses are allowed to operate, and a nightly curfew from 12:01 AM to 5:00 AM local time is in place. Phase one of a reopening plan has begun and will last until July 31. During this time, Hewanorra International Airport (UVF) will reopen for flights arriving from the US only. Visitors will need to provide proof of a negative COVID-19 test within seven days of boarding; those who do so and are not displaying symptoms will not be required to self-quarantine. Health and safety protocols, such as use of facemasks and social distancing, remain in force. In-country travelers should continue to follow official directives amid the ongoing restrictions.
ST. MARTIN
An increase in dengue activity has been reported. The disease is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and a rash. Some people, especially infants, pregnant women and those who have been infected before, may get a more severe form that can lead to fatal complications. Travelers should prevent infection by avoiding mosquito bites. Although a vaccine is available in several locations, it is only recommended for people who have been infected with dengue in the past and are living or traveling in areas with high levels of dengue transmission.
SURINAME
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country amid ongoing restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The country’s land borders, ferry crossings, and seaports remain closed, and all inbound/outbound international flights are also suspended. A nationwide lockdown was lifted on June 21, removing all restrictions on internal movement; however, a daily curfew remains in effect from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time. Travelers in the country should continue to follow all official directives.
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Travel to Trinidad and Tobago should be deferred following the government’s announcement that it plans to close the country’s borders amid the global COVID-19 pandemic. There are no restrictions on outgoing passenger and domestic air and maritime travel, but availability is likely to be limited. The government has developed a six-tiered phased approach to reopening. On June 22, the country moved into Phase 5, lifting the majority of remaining restrictions. While most services have resumed or reopened, face masks must be worn in public places.
URUGUAY
All travel to Uruguay should be deferred due to ongoing COVID-19-related restrictions. An indefinite nationwide health emergency is in place. Air, land, and sea borders with Argentina and Brazil are closed to foreign nationals. Uruguayan Nationals and permanent residents will be permitted entry, and cross-border traffic will be limited to humanitarian and cargo operations. The Ministry of Public Health has advised those in-country to self-quarantine and ordered a mandatory self-quarantine for those aged 65 and older.
On July 17, travelers should anticipate disruption and avoid demonstrations related to a 24-hour nationwide strike by the UNOTT transportation workers union. The walkout will affect local, regional, and interdepartmental bus services. The work stoppage is being held to call for universal unemployment insurance in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and to oppose proposed wage cuts.
US VIRGIN ISLANDS
Travelers should defer travel to the US Virgin Islands following the imposition of restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Non-residents will be denied entry to the islands. Residents are allowed to travel to/from the islands but may be asked to self-isolate or undergo COVID-19 testing upon arrival. A State of Emergency is in effect until July 11. Gatherings of more than ten people are prohibited; residents are urged to maintain social distancing while in public areas.
VENEZUELA
Travelers in Venezuela should follow all official directives amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Entry restrictions remain in place for travelers from European countries, Colombia, the Dominican Republic and Panama, as well as Venezuelans returning via land borders. All suspected COVID-19 cases continue to be subject to a 30-day quarantine. Commercial flights remain suspended until July 12, while interstate travel also remains banned. Since June 1, economic activity has partially resumed. Until further notice, most non-essential businesses will be allowed to operate according to the ‘7+7’ plan, which allows for seven days of activity followed by seven days of quarantine, during which only essential services will be open.
AFRICA & THE MIDDLE EAST
REGIONAL
Travelers in Israel and the Palestinian Territories should monitor developments and abide by new COVID-19-related restrictions. Israeli authorities will impose a lockdown from 1:00 PM local time on July 10 until 8:00 AM local time on July 17 in parts of Beit Shemesh, Ramle, Kiryat Malachi, and Jerusalem. Entry and exit, as well as traffic and business activities, will be restricted. In the Palestinian Territories, a total lockdown is in place until at least July 12.
ALGERIA
Travelers in Algeria should abide by a ban on internal movement reimposed by the government to and from 28 provinces from July 10 through July 17. The provinces include Algiers, Adrar, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Blida, Bordj Bou Arreridj, Bouira, Boumerdes, Chlef, Constantine, Djelfa, El Oued, Khenchela, Laghouat, M’sila, Mascara, Médéa, Oran, Ouargla, Oum El Bouagi, Relizane Biskra, Sétif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Souk Ahras, Tipaza, and Tissemsilt. Public and private transport in the provinces is also banned until July 12.
ANGOLA
All travel to Angola should be deferred amid stringent COVID-19-related restrictions. All international flights are suspended through August 31, while land and sea borders also remain closed. A State of Public Calamity (SoPC) is in place. Restrictions under the SoPC have further been relaxed since June 25. Travelers in country should follow all official directives.
BAHRAIN
Non-essential travel to Bahrain should be deferred until further notice due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Authorities have suspended visa-on-arrival services for all nationalities and have limited entry to Bahraini citizens and foreigners holding valid residency permits, with some exceptions. Gulf Air has resumed transiting flights through Bahrain International Airport (BAH) and has begun receiving flights from select countries.
BOTSWANA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country due to enhanced restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. A nationwide State of Emergency is in place until October 9. On May 11, authorities declared Gaborone a “high-risk area;” residents have been advised to limit their movement. All borders remain closed, though cross-border movement of essential goods is still allowed. There are currently no commercial flights to/from Botswana. Citizens or residents returning to Botswana must undergo a 14-day quarantine. All current visas to enter Botswana have been cancelled, except for those who are already in-country.
BRUNEI
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Brunei following an order by authorities to prohibit all foreign travelers from entering or transiting through the country. All land and sea entry ports are closed until further notice; visitor, student, and dependent visas have been suspended. Citizens, permanent residents, and foreigners traveling for special purposes (with the permission of the immigration office) are exempt from the measure. All exempt travelers are required to undergo 14 days of self-isolation at a designated monitoring center or, under specific conditions, self-quarantine at home. Authorities have begun easing internal restrictions starting on May 29, although strict social distancing measures remain in place.
BURKINA FASO
All travel to Burkina Faso should be deferred due to restrictions related to the COVID-19 outbreak despite the easing of internal restrictions. A nationwide curfew between 9:00 PM and 4:00 AM local time was lifted on June 3. A State of Health Emergency remains in place and the wearing of face masks in public is mandatory. The country’s airspace and land borders remain closed until further notice, though domestic flights continue to operate.
CAMEROON
Cameroon has closed its borders in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. All international flights have been suspended. All land and maritime borders have been closed; restrictions do not apply for cargo and to Cameroon nationals wishing to go back home. All inbound travelers will be quarantined for 14 days upon arrival. All schools are closed, and gatherings of over 50 people are banned. The wearing of face masks is mandatory in all public spaces. A systematic sanctioning of those people found to have breached restriction and confinement measures are imposed. Only essential movement is allowed between urban centers; checkpoints are set up in urban and rural areas. The wearing of face masks is mandatory in taxis and public transport. Universities will reopen for lectures between June 1 and August 30; sanitarian measures will be implemented in front of the auditoriums. Since April 30, restaurants and bars are allowed to remain open after 6:00 PM local time. Public transportation restrictions have been lifted; however, wearing of masks remains compulsory and surcharges remain banned.
Outbreaks of cholera have been reported in some areas. The disease spreads via contaminated food and water. Symptoms include vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea which can lead to severe dehydration. Travelers staying in quality accommodations with access to safe food and water are at low risk. Travelers should ensure food and water are safe for consumption and consider vaccination if likely to encounter unsanitary conditions.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
All travel to the Central African Republic should be deferred due to the tightening of restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, including a ban on gatherings of more than 15 people, the closure of Mpoko International Airport (BGF), and a ban on movement outside Bangui. An inadequate healthcare system, weak rule of law, and a fragile humanitarian situation will make the government’s response to the outbreak difficult and will exacerbate existing security threats, particularly rebel group activity. Political maneuvering related to Presidential Elections set to take place on December 27 has also begun. Travelers in country are advised to limit movement to secure areas of Bangui and comply with all official directives.
CHAD
All airports remain closed for passenger flights. The government has announced that a ban on entering and leaving Ndjamena and all other provincial capitals will be implemented beginning May 8 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The restriction will be in effect for an initial two-week period, during which all movement to and from the relevant cities will be strictly limited to the transportation of goods and essential services. Face masks must be worn in all public spaces, while movement within Ndjamena and other provincial capitals can proceed outside curfew hours, which are currently 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time. Travelers in should follow official directives.
Cases of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) have been detected in several regions of the country. Polio is a contagious viral illness that can cause paralysis and death. It is spread through contaminated food or water, or directly from an infected person. The circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) strains can emerge in under-vaccinated populations. Travelers should prevent infection by ensuring polio vaccinations are up to date, including a booster, and selecting safe food and water.
COMOROS
Travelers in Ntsoudjini in the coming days should exercise caution and anticipate a heightened security presence following opposition demonstrations and subsequent police operations. Opposition demonstrations took place on July 6 alongside Independence Day celebrations. Police allege they were attacked by protesters with machetes and Molotov cocktails. A heavy police presence has since been reported in the vicinity, with gunfire and raids taking place at night.
CONGO (DRC)
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country due to the indefinite suspension of inbound and outbound travel and stringent movement restrictions amid the COVID-19 pandemic. A nationwide State of Emergency (SoE) will remain in place until at least July 15. All land, sea, and air borders are closed until further notice, except to cargo. All travel between Kinshasa and other urban centers is prohibited. Short-notice 24-hour curfews may be implemented in urban centers. Travelers should monitor related developments.
On July 17, travelers should avoid further nationwide demonstrations over Ronsard Malonda’s nomination as head of the Independent National Electoral Commission (CENI). Several people were injured during related gatherings on July 13 in both Kinshasa and Kananga. Organizers have called for another protest on July 17 in Kinshasa despite a COVID-19-related ban on such events. Protesters will convene at Place Nelson Mandela and may be forcibly dispersed by police, posing incidental risks to bystanders. Clashes between rival demonstrators are also possible.
COTE D’ IVOIRE
All travel to Côte d’Ivoire should be deferred despite the easing of some COVID-19-related restrictions. Authorities have lifted a ban on internal travel to and from the Greater Abidjan metropolitan area via road, though a State of Emergency remains in effect through July 30, alongside other social distancing measures. While international and domestic flights have gradually resumed, the country’s land and sea borders remain closed through July 30.
On July 16-17, travelers in Korhogo should anticipate heightened security and disruption during the funeral program for former Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly. On July 16, a public ceremony will be held at the Korhogo Municipal Stadium. A private burial ceremony will take place on July 17 at Coulibaly Family Vault. Related gatherings on July 15 passed off peacefully.
DJIBOUTI
All travel to Djibouti should be deferred amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The internal lockdown has expired and restrictions are expected to ease in the coming weeks. Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport (JIB) in Djibouti City remains closed to international passenger traffic, though cargo flights are operating normally. Travelers in country should review their visa status and ensure they have sufficient provisions to last at least several weeks.
EGYPT
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Egypt despite a gradual easing of COVID-19-related restrictions. An ongoing nationwide partial curfew from 8:00 PM until 4:00 AM local time will be lifted on June 27, and certain businesses will be allowed to resume operations from this date. International flights are set to gradually resume from July 1, with tourism activity also reopening in South Sinai, Red Sea and Matrouh governorates. In-country travelers should continue to abide by official directives and ensure they have enough provisions to stand-fast period for at least several weeks.
ERITREA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Eritrea due to enhanced restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Commercial air traffic remains suspended, and a nationwide lockdown is in place until further notice. Nonessential domestic movement is prohibited. Violations of official guidelines are subject to unspecified punitive measures. Although sea ports and land crossings remain open, all arriving individuals are subject to quarantine at a designated facility for a period determined by authorities.
ESWATINI
All travel to eSwatini should be deferred amid an ongoing suspension of inbound and outbound flights in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A nationwide partial lockdown ended on May 6, and authorities began easing restrictions beginning May 8, with the gradual reopening of businesses. The country’s borders remain closed, though this does not affect returning citizens and legal residents. Returning citizens and legal residents are subject to a 14-day quarantine upon arrival. Travelers in country should follow all official directives.
ETHIOPIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Ethiopia, where stringent restrictions have been imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Land borders are closed, and there are widespread commercial flight cancellations. A national State of Emergency is in place, and movement and other restrictions have been implemented countrywide. In-country travelers should evaluate the impact of restrictions and potential lockdowns and ensure they can stand fast for several weeks. There are also secondary security risks linked to increased COVID-19-related xenophobia in Addis Ababa and other urban centers. On March 18, the US Embassy reported incidents of harassment and assault targeting foreign nationals.
An increase in cases of cholera has been reported. Cholera spreads via contaminated food and water. Symptoms include vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea which can lead to severe dehydration. Travelers staying in quality accommodations with access to safe food and water are at low risk. Travelers should ensure food and water are safe for consumption and consider vaccination if likely to encounter unsanitary conditions.
GHANA
All travel to Ghana should be deferred amid ongoing restrictions and other public health measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of April 20, movement restrictions related to a partial lockdown in the Greater Accra and Greater Kumasi regions have been lifted. The country’s land and maritime borders remain closed, and all international flights are suspended. Domestic flights have resumed, with Kotoka International Airport reopening to serve internal flights to Tamale, Takoradi and Kumasi. On May 31, the Government of Ghana announced a phased easing of some social restrictions. This includes: the recommencement of religious services, weddings and funerals, reopening of schools and universities for a minority of students, and the reopening of restaurants.
GUINEA
Guinea has extended a State of Emergency and other restrictions intended to curtail the spread of COVID-19 indefinitely. Measures include the closure of Conakry’s Gbessia International Airport (CKY), a ban on people leaving Conakry without prior approval, and the mandatory wearing of facemasks in public. An overnight curfew from 10:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time remains in place in Conakry, Coyah and Dubreka, but has been lifted elsewhere in the country. Recent demonstrations against restrictions have resulted in fatal unrest.
On July 20, travelers in urban centers should minimize movement during nationwide protests called by the opposition Front for the Defense of the Constitution (FNDC) party. While details have yet to be announced, a previous related demonstration in Conakry involved a march from Tannerie Roundabout towards Palais du Peuple. The demonstrations have been called to denounce the alleged efforts of President Alpha Conde to seek a third term. Travelers should minimize movement on protest days due to a high risk of unrest.
GUINEA-BISSAU
Throughout July, travelers in Guinea-Bissau should continue to monitor developments linked to a long-running political crisis. President Umaro Sissoco Embalo has threatened to dissolve Parliament by its next session on June 29 if political parties fail to form a viable government. Any such move could trigger fresh Parliamentary Elections. Despite the current State of Emergency in the country due to the COVID-19 pandemic, spontaneous demonstrations involving unrest or other security incidents, including military deployments, are possible.
IRAN
An outbreak of COVID-19 is underway in Iran. In response, several countries have closed their land borders with Iran and suspended flights. COVID-19 can cause symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Travelers are advised to pay attention to general hygiene and avoid direct contact with people who are sick. Anyone with symptoms of respiratory illness who may have been exposed to COVID-19 should seek medical attention according to the local procedure. The ban on inter-city travel has been lifted, and those businesses judged to pose only a medium risk of spreading the coronavirus have been allowed to reopen; this excludes gyms, restaurants, shopping malls and Tehran’s Grand Bazaar. Universities and schools as well as cultural and sports centers remain closed.
On February 26, the US Department of State issued a Level 4: Do Not Travel Advisory, stating that all non-essential travel to Iran be deferred due to an outbreak of COVID-19. There is a significant reduction in outbound travel options due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Almost all foreign commercial air carriers have suspended flights to and from Iran, while most neighboring countries have closed their land border. Due to the significant reduction in outbound travel options, as well as an official decision on March 25 to indefinitely restrict all intercity travel, organizations with people in Iran are advised to withdraw all travelers while still feasible.
IRAQ
All travel to Iraq should be deferred amid ongoing COVID-19-related restrictions. In federal Iraq, a curfew is in place from 7:00 PM to 6:00 AM local time from Sundays to Wednesdays, and full lockdown from Thursdays to Sundays. In the Kurdistan Region (KR), a partial curfew is in effect from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time in Erbil governorate and a full lockdown on Fridays. Suleimaniyah governorate (KR) remains under full lockdown. A movement ban between provinces in the KR remains in effect through July 22.
ISRAEL
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since the end of April. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed. Malls, open-air markets, and gyms were allowed to re-open on May 7. The reopening of smaller shops has been approved, as well as hotels and other guest accommodations. All people must wear a face mask in public. Further restrictions will be lifted, under the condition of adhering to social-distancing rules and additional preventive measures. In the West Bank, a State of Emergency remains in effect despite a gradual relaxation of movement restrictions.
Through July 17, travelers in Jerusalem should avoid further potential protests against COVID-19-related lockdowns imposed on ultra-Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods in the city. Protesters claim unfair treatment of ultra-Orthodox Jews by police. Related demonstrations occurred on July 11 and 12 in the Romema and Kiryat Belz areas of Jerusalem. Participants threw objects at police, dismantled barriers restricting access to their neighborhoods, and set trash bins on fire. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is set to hold discussions on the issue on July 13.
On July 18, travelers in Tel Aviv should plan journeys bypassing two protests due to the risk of local disruption and unrest. Demonstrators will gather at Rabin Square to condemn the government’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated economic implications. Organizers intend to move forward with the event, despite police having denied approval for it. A similar demonstration on July 11 attracted several thousand participants and resulted in minor clashes with police.
Through July 19, travelers in Jerusalem should anticipate and avoid further protests outside the residence of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Police clashed with protesters who had set up camp near the residence overnight on July 12-13. At least six people were injured. Participants are demanding that the Prime Minister, who has been charged with bribery, fraud and breach of trust, step down. Netanyahu’s trial began on May 24, with the next hearing expected on July 19.
JORDAN
All travel to Jordan should be deferred despite a gradual easing of COVID-19-related internal restrictions. Routine weekend curfews that were earlier in place have been lifted, and authorities have announced the further opening of several non-essential sectors. Residents are allowed to move around, including inter-provincial travel, between 6:00 AM and 11:59 PM local time, while domestic flights have resumed; however, all inbound and outbound international flights remain indefinitely suspended with the exception of repatriation flights. Travelers in country should review their visa status, ensure they have enough provisions for several weeks, and follow official directives.
KENYA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Kenya amid stringent restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. President Uhuru Kenyatta announced that effective June 7 the curfew would be extended for 30 days, until July 7. Curfew timings have been reduced from 9:00 PM to 4:00 AM local time. The ban on movement in or out of Nairobi, as well as Mombasa and Mandera counties, has been extended for the same period. Local restrictions on movement into and out of the Nairobi suburb of Eastleigh and Old Town area in Mombasa City as well as Kilifi and Kwale counties have been lifted. International commercial flights remain suspended.
KUWAIT
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Kuwait despite the easing of some COVID-19-related restrictions. In Kuwait city, a full lockdown on Jeleeb al-Shuyoukh and Mahboula neighborhoods was lifted at 5:00 AM local time on July 9. A lockdown continues in al-Farwaniyah governorate, though movement within the governorate is permitted.
LEBANON
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Lebanon and monitor developments related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Authorities have announced that Beirut’s Rafic Hariri International Airport (BEY) will reopen on July 1 with specific conditions. A nightly curfew from 12:01 AM until 5:00 AM local time remains in place until further notice. A state of ‘general mobilization’ will stay in effect until at least July 5, and all ports of entry remain closed. In-country travelers should abide by official directives and ensure they have provisions in place for several weeks.
On July 16, travelers in Beirut should plan journeys bypassing protests over various issues due to the risk of local disruption and unrest. Participants will gather at 8:00 AM local time at the Ministry of Water and Energy to denounce water and electricity shortages.
On July 17, travelers in Beirut should plan routes avoiding a rally calling for the resignation of Tourism Minister Ramzi Moucharafieh. Participants will march at 6:30 PM local time from the Sawt radio station to the Ministry of Social Affairs, via the Ministry of Justice.
LESOTHO
All travel to Lesotho should be deferred amid COVID-19-related restrictions. The nationwide lockdown that had been in place since March was lifted on May 5; however, Lesotho’s borders remain closed and movement in and out of the country is still prohibited. While foreign nationals are technically allowed to depart the country by air, ongoing restrictions in neighboring South Africa are effectively preventing any outbound international flight options. Beginning May 6, all non-essential businesses will be permitted to reopen and residents will be allowed to engage in social gatherings, including church services, of 50 people or less. The wearing of face masks in public spaces will also become mandatory until further notice.
LIBYA
Travelers should defer all travel to Libya amid persistent fighting and COVID-19-related restrictions. In areas controlled by the internationally recognized Government of National Accord, a partial curfew from 8:00 PM until 6:00 AM local time has been extended until at least July 17. In addition, a 24-hour curfew remains in effect on Fridays and Saturdays. A ban on intercity movement also remains in place.
MADAGASCAR
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Madagascar, where stringent COVID-19-related restrictions are in place. Madagascar remains under a State of Health Emergency. All international flights are suspended. While a curfew from 10:00 PM to 4:00 AM local time continues in the districts of East Fenerive, Moramanga, Toamasina and Toamasina II, a new lockdown in Analamanga region, including Antananarivo, has been imposed until July 20 due to a rise of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Additional security forces have been deployed. In-country travelers should follow all official directives.
MALDIVES
Essential travel to Maldives can proceed following the relaxation of travel restrictions. Although a State of Public Health Emergency will remain in place through August 7, foreign travelers have been permitted to enter the country since July 15. Tourists are not required to undergo any quarantine but can only stay at specific registered hotels and must submit a health declaration form and their itinerary 24 hours before arriving in the country. Travelers with COVID-19-linked symptoms will be tested, and random testing should also be expected upon arrival. Residents and travelers on long-term visas must also submit a health declaration form and are subject to a 14-day home quarantine.
MALI
On July 17, travelers in Bamako and other urban centers should exercise caution during gatherings called by the M5- RFP coalition. The events will be held at places of worship to commemorate those killed in previous anti-government protests. In Bamako, participants will gather at 2:00 PM local time. A rally was initially planned at Monument de l’Independance but it was replaced by a day of prayers. Political tensions remain high and the events are taking place amid a COVID-19-related restriction on public gatherings. Travelers should plan journeys bypassing the gatherings as a precaution due to credible risk of unrest.
MAURITIUS
All travel to Mauritius, where restrictions linked to the global COVID-19 pandemic remain in effect, should be deferred. Certain non-essential activities are now permitted and movement restrictions have been lifted; however, the country’s borders remain closed and all commercial international flights are suspended. Outbound and inbound repatriation flights, as well as ad-hoc commercial and chartered cargo services, are operational. Travelers in country should continue to abide by official directives.
MAYOTTE
All travel to Mayotte should be deferred amid stringent restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although related restrictions have been lifted in mainland France, an ongoing State of Health Emergency in the territory has been extended through October 30. Despite a gradual reintroduction of commercial flights with France, travel and domestic restrictions remain in effect. Internal movement is authorized for essential purposes only and requires a valid certificate.
MOROCCO
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Morocco, where stringent restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic remain in effect. A State of Health Emergency is in force until at least July 10, though the government has begun the process of easing internal restrictions. The country has been divided into Zones One and Two, with the measures more relaxed in the former. Urban public transport has resumed across the country at 50% capacity. Interprovincial travel for work-related reasons is permitted with written authorization from employers. All air, land, and sea borders remain closed until further notice.
MOZAMBIQUE
Commercial international flights remain suspended until further notice amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Cargo and charter flights with proper authorization are still permitted, while limited domestic flights are also available. A State of Emergency, which has been extended three times, will remain in place through July 30. All travel to Mozambique should be deferred, while travelers in country should follow official directives.
NAMIBIA
Travelers should defer all travel to Namibia, where inbound and outbound travel is suspended until at least September 17 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The six-month State of Emergency declared on March 17 remains in place. Only citizens and permanent residents are allowed to enter the country under special conditions, though they must undergo a 14-day self-quarantine. National carrier Air Namibia has resumed domestic flights but has discontinued charter flights until further notice. All regions, except for Erongo, will move to stage four of a five-phase plan to ease restrictions on June 30.
NIGER
All travel to Niger should be deferred due to COVID-19-related restrictions. All land borders are closed, while international flights have been suspended until further notice. Military and emergency flights are exempt. Anyone arriving in Niger is subject to a 14-day quarantine. Despite a gradual easing of restrictions, a nationwide State of Emergency is in place through July 11. Travelers should continue to abide by all official directives.
NIGERIA
All travel to Nigeria should be deferred due to COVID-19-related restrictions. On June 29, authorities announced the lifting of an interstate travel ban, beginning July 1, and the resumption of domestic flights. On June 29, authorities also extended the second phase of the easing of the COVID-19-related restrictions through July 27 and have not confirmed a date for the resumption of domestic flights. Commercial international flights remain suspended. Restrictions on inbound travel remain in effect along with further stringent domestic restrictions, including a nationwide curfew from 10:00 PM to 4:00 AM local time, on a state level.
Throughout July, travelers should continue to plan journeys accounting for the disruption caused by heavy rainfall and flooding. According to the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, 28 states remain at risk of flooding, especially those adjacent to the Niger and Benue rivers. In Akwa Ibom, Borno and Ebonyi states, several local communities have been displaced due to extensive flooding. Disruptive flash flooding and frequent power outages occurred in northwestern areas of Lagos on June 29-30, as well as in Apapa and Lekki.
Beginning July 24, travelers in Lagos should expect significant disruption during planned repair work on the Third Mainland Bridge and plan journeys using alternative routes. The Lagos State Government announced the partial closure of the bridge through January 2021 for maintenance works. Travelers should anticipate increased traffic congestion and a potential surge in crime on congested routes during the closure of the bridge.
OMAN
Travelers should continue to defer travel to the country amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Authorities have lifted the ban on movement in/out of Muscat governorate; however, Muttrah district remains in sanitary isolation until further notice. Meanwhile, all international and domestic passenger flights, including transit services, remain indefinitely suspended; cargo flights and a daily flight between Muscat International Airport (MCT) and Khasab Airport (KHS) continue to operate.
QATAR
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Qatar until further notice amid COVID-19-related restrictions. The first phase of a four-phase plan to gradually ease restrictions is current in effect. Inbound international air traffic will remain suspended until August 1; however, national carrier Qatar Airways is operating outbound and transit flights through Doha’s Hamad International Airport (DOH).
REUNION
An increase in dengue cases has been reported in Reunion. The majority of cases are located in the south of the island. The disease is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and a rash. Some people, especially infants, pregnant women and those who have been infected before, may get a more severe form that can lead to fatal complications. Travelers should prevent infection by avoiding mosquito bites. Although a vaccine is available in several locations, it is only recommended for people who have been infected with dengue in the past and are living or traveling in areas with high levels of dengue transmission.
RWANDA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Rwanda, where COVID-19-related restrictions remain in force. The Gisenga, Kadobogo, Kamabuye, Nyenyeri, Rugano, and Zuba areas of Kigali have been placed under lockdown until at least July 9. All movement from and to these locations is strictly prohibited, with the exception of emergencies. Meanwhile, movement to and from Rubavu has resumed. A nationwide curfew from 9:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time and social distancing measures remain in effect.
SAUDI ARABIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Saudi Arabia until further notice despite an easing of restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Authorities have lifted domestic movement restrictions, including curfews, across the country. While domestic commercial flights have gradually resumed, international commercial flights remain suspended until further notice. Land and sea border crossings also remain closed. Travelers remaining in the country should continue to monitor developments and abide by all official directives.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, travelers from outside Saudi Arabia are not being permitted to enter the country to perform Hajj. Some people within the country will be allowed go on pilgrimage, though this is not recommended from an infectious disease standpoint. Permitting requirements have not been updated with mandatory vaccinations. There is no information available about whether people will be given boosters, antibiotics or other medications by authorities as a condition to perform Hajj, as they have sometimes been in previous years.
SENEGAL
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Senegal until at least July 15 due to COVID-19-related restrictions. The government has announced that it expects to reopen Senegalese airspace on this date. Separately, internal restrictions are being gradually eased. A previous nationwide State of Emergency and overnight curfew has been lifted, while intercity travel is once again permitted.
On July 17, travelers in Dakar should plan journeys bypassing a scheduled demonstration by civil society groups to minimize inconvenience. Participants are due to gather at Place de l’Obelisque at 3:00 PM local time. The event has been organized to highlight perceived social injustices and government inaction.
SEYCHELLES
Essential travel to Seychelles can proceed from August 1, when international commercial flights are due to resume. The requirements and procedures for entering the country can be found on the tourism ministry’s website. Authorities have also issued a list of countries considered ‘low’ and ‘medium’ risk for COVID-19. Travelers from these countries will be permitted to enter Seychelles from August 1, provided they are in possession of a negative COVID19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test certificate. The test must have been taken no more than 72 hours prior to the date of travel.
SOMALIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country amid ongoing restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Inbound and outbound commercial flights to/from Mogadishu, the autonomous region of Puntland, and self-declared republic of Somaliland are suspended until further notice. International cargo flights delivering humanitarian supplies are exempt. Domestic flights have resumed as of June 8. In-country travelers should abide by all official directives and ensure they have sufficient provisions to last at least several weeks.
SOUTH AFRICA
All travel to South Africa should be deferred following a restoration of stricter COVID-19-related restrictions amid a spike in cases. On July 12, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that the country will remain at lockdown level three (on a five-tier risk management system, with level five being the most stringent); however, a nationwide nightly curfew will be in effect from 9:00 PM to 4:00 AM local time beginning July 13. Family visits and social gatherings are still not allowed. The sale of alcohol has been banned. Individuals are required to wear face masks in public spaces.
On July 18, protests against farm attacks are planned in Pretoria and Cape Town at 12:00 PM local time. Organizers are demanding that the government do more to protect farmers, who are frequent victims of criminals. In Pretoria, participants will ride and march towards Union Buildings from the Voortrekker Monument and Fairview Avenue respectively. In Cape Town, protesters will gather at Parliament. Travelers should plan journeys bypassing the demonstrations as a precaution and to minimize delays.
SOUTH SUDAN
All travel to South Sudan should be deferred until further notice amid restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. The country’s Aviation Authority allowed the resumption of international and domestic flights on May 12. This came after President Salva Kiir instructed that lockdown restrictions be gradually relaxed beginning May 8. Authorities have said that inbound travelers must carry a medical certificate, stating they have tested negative for COVID-19. They will also be required to self-isolate for 14 days; however, it remains unclear if airlines will resume flights at this time, considering ongoing restrictions in other countries.
SUDAN
All travel to Sudan should be deferred despite an easing of COVID-19-related restrictions. On July 12, airports partially reopened with limited flights to Egypt, Turkey, and the UAE. The nightly curfew from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM local time remains in place across the country. These restrictions may change; travelers should monitor related developments closely. Travelers in country should follow all official directives and ensure that they have sufficient provisions to last at least several weeks.
On July 13, authorities in Darfur region declared a State of Emergency following outbreaks of unrest on July 12-13 in Kutum and Fata Borno. Troops will be deployed to the affected areas in a bid to restore order. Related protests have recently taken place in Bahr El Arab, Ed Daein, Kabkabiya, Misterei, and Nierteti. Participants are demanding increased security provision and the disbandment of local militias. Non-essential travel to Darfur should be deferred.
On July 16, travelers in Khartoum and other eastern cities should anticipate local disruption around planned demonstrations and avoid them as a precaution. The United People’s Front for Liberation and Justice movement (UPFLJ) is demanding the release of its Chairman, El-Amin Daoud. On May 10, Daoud was sentenced to a year in prison for entering the country in violation of COVID-19-linked restrictions. The UPFLJ believe the verdict was politically motivated. Hundreds of people have recently attended related sit-in protests and marches in Khartoum, ElGedaref, and Khashm el-Qorba.
TANZANIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Tanzania amid COVID-19-related restrictions. Since May 18, authorities have reopened Tanzanian airspace for international flights, including both scheduled and non-scheduled commercial flights. Domestic flights are operational, but options continue to be limited. Public transport is also running, and other internal restrictions are gradually being eased. In-country travelers should follow all official directives.
TUNISIA
Essential travel to Tunisia can resume after undertaking an individual risk assessment of the COVID-19 situation and related entry restrictions, including the potential for sudden changes. Air and maritime borders have reopened, though commercial flight options remain limited and entry restrictions remain in place for travelers from certain countries. Domestic restrictions are being gradually relaxed according to a phased plan. Authorities have extended an ongoing nationwide State of Emergency through November 30.
Through July 17, travelers in Tataouine governorate should exercise caution and avoid protests over socio-economic grievances due to the risk of unrest. A general strike called by the Union Regionale Tunisienne du Travail (URTT) and El Kamour movement has been ongoing since July 3. Following calls by the UGTT trade union on July 4, some workers in the region’s oil and gas industry have also begun participating in the strike. Organizers are demanding the closure of all public institutions and private establishments and the blocking of roads. Police may use force to disperse protesters, posing incidental risks to bystanders.
UGANDA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country amid restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. A nightly curfew is in force from 7:00 PM to 6:30 AM local time until further notice. All borders remain closed. A ban on public gatherings of more than five people is still in place. Some public transport services have resumed under specific conditions.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)
Essential travel to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) can proceed after undertaking an assessment of the current COVID-19 situation and entry restrictions, as well as the potential for sudden changes. Foreign nationals are permitted to enter Dubai International Airport (DXB), but only UAE citizens and foreign nationals with valid UAE residency permits are presently able to fly into Abu Dhabi (AUH) and Sharjah (SHJ) international airports. While domestic mobility restrictions have been eased, entry into Abu Dhabi by road remains restricted. Travelers should monitor developments and abide by all official directives.
YEMEN
All flights to and from all Yemeni airports are suspended until further notice. All land borders are closed. Cargo and humanitarian transport is exempt.
ZAMBIA
Travelers should continue to defer non-essential travel to the country, despite authorities easing internal restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. International flights are still operating via Lusaka’s Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (LUN); however, all international flights into Harry Mwanga Nkumbula (LVI), Mfuwe (MFU) and Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe (NLA) airports are suspended until further notice. All incoming travelers are subject to airport screening measures and 14-day self-quarantine.
ZIMBABWE
All travel to Zimbabwe, where restrictions have been imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, should be deferred. On May 16, President Emmerson Mnangagwa announced the indefinite extension of nationwide restrictions with the easing of some measures. Limited options for inbound and outbound travel exist, and travelers entering the country will be subjected to strict screening measures, as well as a mandatory 21-day quarantine. Security checkpoints have been established in urban centers to ensure compliance with government orders.
An outbreak of malaria has been ongoing since March. The most affected areas are Mashonaland Central and Mashonaland East provinces. The disease is spread through mosquito bites and can be fatal unless promptly treated. Early symptoms are flu-like, such as fever, head/body aches and general weakness. Symptoms of malaria can develop seven days after exposure; prompt medical attention should be sought. Travelers are advised to prevent infection by avoiding mosquito bites.
ASIA & THE PACIFIC
REGIONAL
Travelers should continue to anticipate tensions along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) to persist in the coming weeks, despite North Korea’s declaration on June 24 that it was suspending military action plans against South Korea. North Korea has engaged in de-escalatory gestures since June 24, including suspending plans to mobilize North Korean troops into the DMZ and removing loudspeakers recently installed along the DMZ. However, there remains potential for the sudden re-escalation of hostile rhetoric and provocative acts by North Korea due to unresolved underlying issues. Travelers should monitor developments in the Korean peninsula using reliable sources
AFGHANISTAN
Travelers should continue to defer travel to Afghanistan until further notice amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Some international commercial flights are gradually resuming operations to/from Kabul’s Hamid Karzai International Airport (KBL). Authorities had earlier announced that a nationwide lockdown would be extended until at least September. Incountry travelers should ensure that they have provisions in place to support a stand-fast period of at least several weeks. Those who are either unable or unwilling to stand fast should consider departing the country.
AUSTRALIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country despite the easing of COVID-19-related restrictions. The limits on private and public gatherings have been relaxed, while more commercial establishments are allowed to reopen with social distancing. Further announcements regarding easing of interstate travel restrictions will likely occur in the coming weeks. Meanwhile, most foreign nationals remain barred from entering the country. Australian citizens, permanent residents and their immediate family members, as well as New Zealand citizens residing in Australia, are exempt. Australians are also banned from traveling overseas with few exceptions; airlines continue to operate reduced domestic services.
Throughout July, travelers in urban centers should continue to plan journeys accounting for disruption during protests over alleged police misconduct and refugee rights. On June 28, hundreds of protesters gathered outside a hotel in the Kangaroo Point area of Brisbane, demanding the release of refugees detained at the facility. Main Street was temporarily blocked during the event, while 37 people were arrested for failing to disperse. Further such demonstrations in urban centers can be anticipated over the coming weeks, especially during weekends.
Travelers in Victoria state should closely monitor developments and abide by all official directives after authorities reimposed lockdown measures in Metropolitan Melbourne and Mitchell Shire. The mandatory ‘stay-at-home’ order will be effective from 11:59 PM local time on July 8 until at least August 19, during which time residents can leave their homes only for essential purposes. Meanwhile, Victoria’s border with New South Wales state will be closed to residents of Victoria from July 8, subject to strict exemption policies.
AZERBAIJAN
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Azerbaijan where COVID-19-related lockdown measures will remain in effect until 6:00 AM local time on July 20. The SMS-permit system remains in place, while all non-essential shops and services are closed. Baku’s metro system will remain closed throughout the lockdown, while other forms of public transport will be suspended on weekends only.
Through July 17, travelers in Baku and other urban centers should closely monitor developments related to recent clashes on the Armenia-Azerbaijan border. Further rallies in support of the Azerbaijani Army can be expected in the coming days. Thousands marched on July 14 in Baku and other urban centers. Although the marches were largely peaceful, police used water cannons to disperse protesters after a group of people briefly entered Parliament. Travelers should avoid these gatherings due to the risk of local unrest.
BANGLADESH
All travel to Bangladesh should be deferred amid ongoing restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Countrywide movement restrictions have been extended through August 3. Restrictions, including limits on public transportation capacities and public activities, are dependent on the zonal classification of an area. All non-essential movement outside of residence is prohibited between 10:00 PM and 5:00 AM local time. Shops can remain open from 10:00 AM to 7:00 PM local time. Further details on the zone-based lockdown measures will be announced in a phased manner.
On July 20, travelers in Dhaka should plan journeys bypassing a protest by the opposition Left Democratic Alliance (LDA). Demonstrators plan to form a human chain outside the Prime Minister’s Office at 11:00 AM local time in protest of the closure of state-owned jute mills by the government. A related protest outside the National Press Club and a march towards Latif Bawani Jute Mills on July 13 passed off peacefully.
BHUTAN
Authorities have prohibited the entry of foreign nationals with a travel history to any country with COVID-19 cases. The announcement, made on March 19, includes individuals holding valid visas, work permits or other immigration permits; it applies until further notice. Bhutanese Nationals and other travelers permitted to enter the country will be isolated for 14 days at a designated quarantine facility. All travel should be deferred while the measures are in place.
CAMBODIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country amid COVID-19-related restrictions. Although a ban on travelers coming from France, Germany, Iran, Italy, Spain and the US was lifted on May 20, quarantine-on-entry measures remain in place, and commercial flights options are limited. A ban on inter-provincial travel has been lifted, and further relaxations of in-country restrictions can be expected in the coming weeks.
CHINA
Non-essential travel to China, including Hubei province, should be deferred amid stringent COVID-19-related restrictions. Authorities have gradually lifted all restrictions in Wuhan, including movement to and from the city. Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) has reopened. Restrictions in other parts of Hubei have also been eased; however, various cities continue to impose restrictions on travelers from Hubei. Those planning essential travel should verify their visa or residence permit status. Non-essential travel to Macao and Taiwan should be deferred, while all travel to Hong Kong should be deferred amid enhanced entry restrictions.
Over 330 people in the cluster linked to the Xinfadi Market in Beijing have tested positive for COVID-19. Health authorities have implemented protocols for isolation, quarantine, testing, and managing people who may have been exposed to the virus. The market is closed and there are restrictions on movements in the surrounding area. Symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Severe disease is more likely in older people and those with underlying health conditions. Travelers should follow the advice of authorities, including movement restrictions and wearing a mask in public areas. In addition, to prevent infection, travelers should pay attention to hygiene, wash hands frequently, avoid touching their face, and avoid crowds and close contact with other people.
Travelers should plan journeys accounting for disruption caused by heavy rain and widespread flooding during the ongoing monsoon season, which typically lasts through October. On July 12, authorities raised the national emergency response for flood control to Level II (second-highest on a four-tier scale). More than 140 people have been killed, and 1.9 million others displaced since late May. Travelers should monitor prevailing weather conditions and reconfirm the feasibility of journeys prior to setting out.
EAST TIMOR
All travel to East Timor should be deferred despite the expiration of the State of Emergency on June 26. Current entry restrictions as well as the remaining internal restrictions will remain in effect until further notice. These measures include an entry ban on all foreign nationals (except those residing or born in East Timor), oil-rig workers and legal representatives of Timorese minors, as well as mandatory health screenings and a 14-day quarantine for those allowed entry.
FIJI
Transit through Fiji is banned until further notice; Nadi Airport is closed indefinitely to passenger traffic. A nationwide curfew is in affection from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time.
Labasa Airport (LBS) will be closed for runway upgrade and maintenance from July 13 to August 4. All flights will be suspended. Travelers scheduled to fly via Labasa Airport within these dates should make alternative transport arrangements. Domestic carrier Fiji Link has announced plans to increase services to Savusavu Airport (SVU) during this period.
FRENCH POLYNESIA
Essential travel to French Polynesia can resume beginning July 15, when international travelers from Europe and the US will be able to enter without quarantine requirements. Travelers have to present a negative COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test certificate during flight check-in. The test must have been taken no more than 72 hours prior to the date of travel. They are also required to submit a health entry form, declaring their health condition and itinerary three days before their trip. Four days after their arrival, travelers must use the self-test kit given to them by officials at the airport.
GUAM
All travel to Guam should be deferred due to further stringent travel restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A State of Public Health Emergency has been further extended through July 30. Quarantine restrictions have been tightened to include a list of “High-Risk” locations. Effective July 1, all arriving travelers, regardless of residency status, will be subject to 14-day quarantine either at home or a government-designated facility. Travelers originating from designated “High-Risk” locations are also required to submit a negative COVID-19 test result upon arrival.
HONG KONG (CHINA SAR)
All travel to Hong Kong should be deferred due to stringent entry restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Most non-residents are banned from entering the city until further notice. Those allowed entry, including residents, are subject to mandatory COVID-19 testing and a 14-day quarantine. Transiting via Hong Kong International Airport (HKG) has resumed with restrictions. Social-distancing rules have been extended through June 18, and restrictions may be further eased during this period. Businesses have gradually resumed, and gatherings of up to eight people are permitted.
Following the recent passage of the national security law (NSL), travelers in Hong Kong (China SAR) should continue monitoring the security situation and avoid any related protests. Since July 1, authorities have begun enforcing the NSL against local activists and demonstrators. The legislation is likely to provide added deterrence against major protests and acts of violence by hardline elements; however, further protests are possible in the coming weeks, especially during weekends and around key commemorative dates for demonstrators.
INDIA
All travel to India should be deferred amid ongoing restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Travelers in country should consider all medical and security risks if they decide to remain in India, and those who are considering leaving the country should do so as soon as possible. Further easing of restrictions is expected beginning July 1, including shortened nightly curfew hours from 10:00 PM to 5:00 AM local time; however, lockdown measures within “containment zones” will remain in place through July 31, in accordance with guidelines issued by authorities. Most interstate passenger transportation and vehicular movement outside of “containment zones” is permitted, though regular train services remain suspended through August 12.
Cases of COVID-19 continue to increase across the country. Some major cities such as New Delhi and Mumbai have been significantly impacted, with the healthcare sector particularly affected. As a result of increased demand only limited care may be available in both private and public medical systems.
Travelers should continue to plan journeys accounting for disruption to travel and essential services during the ongoing monsoon season through September. Heavy rainfall, intermittent flooding, landslides, and infrastructure damage are expected during this period. Reports indicate the Brahmaputra River is flowing above dangerous levels in Dibrugarh, Dhubri, Guwahati, Nimati Ghat and Tezpur. The Dhansiri, Jia Bharali, Kopili, Puthimari, and Subansiri rivers are also flowing above the danger level in multiple areas. Travelers should maintain flexible itineraries, avoid affected districts, and reconfirm the feasibility of journeys before setting out.
INDONESIA
Travel to Indonesia should be deferred amid ongoing COVID-19-related restrictions. The country has been transitioning to a “new normal” in locations under “large-scale social restrictions.” The transition period in Jakarta has been extended through July 16. Stringent entry restrictions also remain in place, banning most foreign travelers with very few exceptions; however, restrictions on domestic travel have been further eased.
Through July 16, travelers in North Luwu regency should plan journeys accounting for disruption caused by heavy rainfall, flooding, and landslides. The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) has warned of further rainfall in the region through July 16. Persistent flooding has caused disruption to roads and flights in the regency. The Andi Jemma Airport (MXB) will remain closed for flood restoration works through July 29. Travelers should reconfirm flight itineraries and the feasibility of journeys before setting out.
On July 16, travelers in Jakarta should avoid demonstration outside the People’s Representative Council due to the risk of local disruption and unrest. Participants will gather at 12:30 PM local time. The rally has been organized by the Indonesian Student Executive Board (BEM SI) against the “Omnibus” bill, which among other things, seeks to make revisions to the labor law. The event is expected to be well attended.
JAPAN
Non-essential travel to Japan, where entry restrictions imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic remain in place, should be deferred. Effective July 1 and until further notice, an expanded entry ban will bar foreign nationals from entering the country if they have recent travel history in the past 14 days to 18 additional countries. A measure requiring all arrivals to quarantine for 14 days at a government-designated location remains in place through July 31.
Travelers should continue to plan journeys accounting for disruption caused by heavy rain, flooding, and landslides. Japan’s rainy season is expected to last through the end of July. Annual tropical storms will also affect coastal areas through October. Travelers are advised to closely monitor any associated rail, flight or road disruptions during this period. Travelers should continue to follow official directives and reconfirm the feasibility of journeys before setting out.
KAZAKHSTAN
All travel to Kazakhstan should be deferred amid COVID-19-related restrictions, which have been extended through August 2. Interprovincial travel is suspended for all passenger buses and private vehicles during this period. Local public transportation and railway services between provinces are limited. Although domestic flights and international flights to and from permitted countries remain unaffected, Kazakhstan will not open up to more countries until further notice.
Cases of COVID-19 continue to increase across the country. Some major cities such as Almaty, Atyrau and Nur Sultan have been significantly impacted, with the healthcare sector particularly affected. As a result of increased demand only limited care may be available in both private and public medical systems.
KYRGYZSTAN
All travel to Kyrgyzstan should be deferred despite reduced restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The nationwide State of Emergency and nightly curfew were lifted on May 11, though movement restrictions remain in place, including in Bishkek, Jalal-Abad and Osh. Most foreign nationals remain barred from entering the country. While foreigners are still allowed to depart, outbound travel options are extremely limited. All domestic flights and interregional public transportation will resume operations beginning June 5.
LAOS
All travel to Laos should be deferred amid ongoing restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. An ongoing closure of international borders has been extended through July 31. All inbound and outbound flights, except cargo services and special flights for repatriation purposes, remain suspended until further notice. Exemptions are granted to Lao Nationals, students, diplomats with travel documents authorized by the foreign ministry, and individuals deemed by the government to be experts. Domestic flights and inter-provincial movement remain permitted. Social gatherings and some non-essential businesses are permitted to operate.
MALAYSIA
Travelers should continue to defer travel to Malaysia despite the easing of COVID-19-related restrictions. A Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO), in place until August 31, has replaced the previous Conditional Movement Control Order. Under the RMCO, restrictions have been further relaxed, and interstate movement is allowed. Travel to eastern Malaysia from peninsular Malaysia can also resume with approval from authorities; however, most foreigners are still banned from entering the country, and Malaysian citizens are banned from traveling abroad for leisure activities. The adoption of the RMCO may differ by state; travelers should abide by all local directives.
MALDIVES
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to the country amid COVID-19-related restrictions. President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih has announced that borders will be reopened to tourists on July 15. Male’s Velana International Airport (MLE) remains closed to inbound and outbound commercial flights. Inter-island travel and domestic flights between COVID-19-free islands have been allowed; however, movement in and out of the Greater Male region – Male, Hulhumale and Villimale – as well as islands with COVID-19 cases remains prohibited. Those allowed to return to their own islands from Greater Male must undergo a mandatory 14-day home quarantine and COVID-19 testing.
MARSHALL ISLANDS
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Marshall Islands due to ongoing travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. An entry ban has been extended until August 5. In addition, authorities have tightened the mandatory quarantine period at a government approved facility from 14 to 21 days. Domestic flights between Majuro and Kwajalein Atoll are still permitted.
MONGOLIA
All travel to Mongolia should be deferred amid ongoing COVID-19 measures. Despite the easing of domestic restrictions, an ongoing ban on international commercial flights has been extended through July 31. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, special chartered flights have been scheduled to repatriate citizens from South Korea, Japan, Germany, and Turkey. Options to depart the country will remain limited until international flights resume. Foreign nationals remain barred from entry. Foreigners seeking visa extensions should contact the Mongolia Immigration Agency for further information.
MYANMAR
All travel to Myanmar should be deferred amid ongoing COVID-19-related restrictions. Authorities have extended internal restrictions through July 31; these include a curfew from 12:01 AM to 4:00 AM local time in most states and a ban on gatherings of more than five people. Regional governments may have their own restrictions.
NEW CALEDONIA
New Caledonia has suspended all international flights. All passengers arriving in New Caledonia will be self-isolated for 21 days at their home or hotel. Authorities have lifted the majority of COVID-19-related restrictions, and domestic flights have resumed.
NEPAL
All travel to Nepal should be deferred due to stringent travel restrictions linked to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The suspension of all international and domestic flights has been extended through July 22, except for emergency flights. The current first phase of the government’s reopening plan has also been extended through July 22.
NEW ZEALAND
Travelers should continue to defer travel to New Zealand amid stringent entry restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. National carrier Air New Zealand has suspended international flight bookings until July 27 due to limited quarantine facilities in the country. Authorities are also looking to limit the number of daily international arrivals in accordance with the capacity of quarantine facilities; further details are expected to be announced in the coming days. Travelers should anticipate further reduction of international flight operations in the coming weeks.
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS
Travelers should defer all travel to the Northern Mariana Islands due to limited international flight availability and stringent travel restrictions imposed by local authorities. All international flights in and out of the territory will be halted beginning April 6, with the exception of freight and medical transport. With the suspension of United Airlines flights between the territory and Guam from April 6, there will be no international flights serving the territory. Star Marianas Air will suspend inter-island flights starting on April 3, with the exception of cargo and medical evacuation flights between Rota, Saipan, and Tinian islands.
PAKISTAN
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Pakistan due to COVID-19-related restrictions. While authorities have allowed international commercial flights to resume at most airports, flight options remain very limited. Domestic flights are also operating on a reduced scale. Internal restrictions are gradually being eased across the country; however, lockdown measures remain in place in areas determined by authorities to be potential COVID-19 hotspots.
Travelers in Pakistan should anticipate intermittent weather-related disruption during the ongoing monsoon season, which will last through September. The Pakistan Meteorological Department has forecast heavy rainfall and possible flash flooding in Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar. Landslides may also occur in mountainous and rural areas, including the northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan regions, which could disrupt road travel at short notice. Travelers should maintain flexible itineraries and reconfirm the feasibility of journeys before setting out. Through July 17, travelers in Sindh province, particularly Karachi, should anticipate and avoid further demonstrations over persistent power outages. Multiple protests have been held in recent days; these have mostly focused on Karachi. The Muttahida Quami Movement-Pakistan political party has threatened to organize demonstrations against K-Electric, Karachi’s main electricity provider.
On July 18, the All Pakistan Traders Association has called for nationwide demonstrations demanding that the government allow them to reopen their businesses. As part of the protest, a vehicle rally is planned at 9:00 AM local time from Thoker Niaz Baig in Lahore. It is due to conclude at 3:00 PM local time at the Prime Minister’s House in Islamabad. Related gatherings could also occur in other urban centers. Travelers should avoid all such gatherings as a precaution and allow additional time if traveling via road between Lahore and Islamabad.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Travelers should continue to monitor the security implications of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Several incidents of local protests by public workers have taken place due to overdue wage payments. Isolated incidents of robbery and break-ins continue to be reported. The developments have not indicated a significant change in levels of social unrest and crime in the country. Unemployment and wage-related issues are likely to remain as the main drivers of discontent and associated protests. All travel to the country should be deferred until further notice.
PHILIPPINES
All travel to the Philippines, where stringent COVID-19 restrictions remain in effect, should be deferred. The General Community Quarantine (GCQ) for the National Capital Region (NCR) has been extended through July 31. Cebu City, which was previously under Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ), will be moving to “Modified ECQ” on July 16- 31. Other existing measures across the country will continue through July 31. A “State of Calamity” will remain in force through mid-September.
SAMOA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Samoa amid stringent entry restrictions related to the global COVID19 pandemic. A State of Emergency has been further extended until August 2, and an entry ban for all foreign nationals remains in place. International flights to/from Samoa remain suspended except for repatriation flights for Samoan citizens and residents in American Samoa and New Zealand. According to the Health Ministry, travelers with a travel history outside American Samoa or New Zealand are required to stay in either country for at least 28 days before entering Samoa.
SINGAPORE
The government has announced that internal restrictions will be further eased beginning June 19. Travelers should continue to closely monitor developments and comply with all existing restrictions. Any violation is punishable by a fine and, in certain cases, imprisonment. Foreign travelers are allowed to transit via Changi Airport (SIN), provided the airline has obtained approval for transfer lanes from the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). All returning Singaporeans, permanent residents, and long-term pass holders must undergo mandatory self-isolation. All travel to Singapore should be deferred.
Dengue activity is increasing in Singapore. The disease is spread mainly by mosquito bites. It can cause a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and a rash. Some people, especially infants, pregnant women and those who have been infected before, get a more severe form that can lead to fatal complications. Travelers should prevent infection by avoiding mosquito bites.
SOUTH KOREA
Travelers should continue to defer non-essential travel to South Korea due to COVID-19-related restrictions. Longterm visa holders are temporarily required to obtain re-entry permits before departing the country; failure to do so will result in visas being terminated. A medical certificate issued within 48 hours prior to departure stating whether the individual has any COVID-19 symptoms is also required for re-entry. Entry restrictions remain in place, including a mandatory 14-day quarantine for all arriving international passengers. Visa-free entry remains suspended for 90 countries; stricter restrictions to visa issuance have been implemented for select countries.
SRI LANKA
Travel to Sri Lanka, where COVID-19-related restrictions remain in effect, should be deferred. A nightly curfew from 12:00 AM to 4:00 AM local time is in place in all districts until further notice. Interprovincial travel, including travel to Colombo and Gampaha, has been allowed to resume. Most businesses have restarted operations, though quarantine regulations and strict social distancing measures remain in place.
TAJIKISTAN
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Tajikistan after authorities enacted a ban on the entry and exit of foreign nationals from the country. The ban does not apply to diplomatic personnel or representatives of international organizations and financial institutions accredited in Tajikistan, as well as their family members. In such cases, arriving travelers will have to undergo mandatory 14-day self-isolation under the supervision of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Land borders are closed, and flights to and from the country are suspended. Visas and registration for foreign nationals currently in Tajikistan will be extended until the situation stabilizes.
THAILAND
Travel to Thailand should be deferred due to COVID-19-related restrictions. Despite an ongoing State of Emergency, which will remain in place through July 31, various COVID-19-related measures are set to be relaxed. International flights will gradually resume beginning July 1 and certain categories of travelers will be permitted to enter the country provided they comply with official requirements, including a 14-day quarantine period. All businesses will be allowed to resume operations on July 1.
TURKEY
Essential travel to Turkey, where restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic are easing, can continue. International and domestic commercial air traffic has gradually resumed, restrictions on interprovincial travel have been removed and land border and sea crossings have reopened to passenger traffic; however, all arriving passengers will be subject to medical screening for COVID-19 symptoms. Authorities have also announced a partial curfew on June 20, 27 and 28 to facilitate high school and college admission examinations. Travelers in country should continue to closely monitor developments and abide by all official directives.
TURKMENISTAN
All travel to Turkmenistan should be deferred amid a continued suspension of all inbound and outbound international flights and the closure of land borders. The country’s only international carrier, Turkmen Airlines, has postponed the resumption of international flights until July 20. Most categories of foreign travelers are barred entry. There is a consistent lack of credible information regarding COVID-19 measures, which remains a sensitive topic. Local reports indicate that some internal movement restrictions are in place.
Travelers in Turkmenistan should continue to monitor developments related to the supply of staple foodstuffs at state-owned stores due to potential for low-level local unrest. Amid long-standing economic issues, segments of the population rely on purchasing items, such as flour and meat, at subsidized prices from state-owned shops. Local reports and foreign-based independent media regularly report queues outside such stores, as well as occasional lowlevel disturbances. Although issues such as access to subsidized food items and inflation have worsened in recent years, and are likely to fuel public discontent, further related incidents of social unrest are likely to remain small in scale and local.
UZBEKISTAN
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Uzbekistan amid the implementation of additional movement restrictions linked to a ‘nationwide quarantine’ until August 1. All flights will be suspended during this period, with the exception of a limited number of inbound government-authorized repatriation flights and cargo aircraft. All interregional travel will be prohibited from 12:01 AM local time on July 13, with the exception of authorized movement to and from designated quarantine locations. Unauthorized movement by private vehicles within regions is only permitted between 7:00 AM and 10:00 AM local time and between 5:00 PM and 8:00 PM local time; however, taxis are exempt from this restriction.
VIETNAM
Despite the gradual easing of COVID-19-related restrictions, travelers should continue to defer all travel to Vietnam. Inbound international passenger flights remain suspended, and outbound travel have gradually resumed with limited options. Although the overall security situation remains stable, the negative economic impact of the pandemic could lead to low-level unrest and xenophobia. Travelers should monitor and prepare for other developments, including natural disasters during the ongoing rainy season. Disruption may also stem from a renewed wave of COVID-19 cases.
EUROPE
ARMENIA
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Armenia amid stringent COVID-19-related restrictions and a reduction of inbound/outbound travel options. The State of Emergency has been extended until July 13. Most foreign nationals are barred from entering the country, and land borders remain closed; however, public transport and some other public facilities are now operational. The government is constantly evaluating the situation to determine whether restrictions should be reimposed.
AZERBAIJAN
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Azerbaijan, where stringent restrictions have been imposed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Air and land borders have been closed, though the transportation of commodities is exempt. Other containment measures, including domestic movement restrictions, will begin to ease as of May 4. Domestic flights resumed on June 8.
BELARUS
Non-essential travel to Belarus should be deferred due to COVID-19 restrictions. Travelers from several countries must self-isolate for 14 days, while all incoming travelers are recommended to have tested negative for COVID-19 at least two days prior to arrival. All land borders remain open for inbound and outbound travel, though the ability to cross them will depend on restrictions imposed by neighboring countries.
Through July 17, travelers in Belarus should continue to monitor developments and avoid all gatherings linked to the August Presidential Election. On July 14, the Central Election Commission (CEC) rejected the applications of two main opposition candidates, Viktor Babaryka and Valery Tsepkalo. The move triggered countrywide demonstrations on July 14-15. Clashes occurred between participants and police in several areas. Around 250 people, reportedly including journalists and foreign nationals, were detained.
CYPRUS
Essential travel to Cyprus can continue as restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic ease. Flights to and from several countries have resumed at Larnaca (LCA) and Paphos (PFO) international airports, while domestic movement restrictions in the Republic of Cyprus and self-declared ‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus’ (TRNC) have eased. The TRNC requires all returning individuals to undergo quarantine for 14 days until July 1. Travelers should continue to defer all non-essential international travel amid the pandemic, while in-country staff should continue to follow all official directives.
CZECH REPUBLIC
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since May 1. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
DENMARK
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since late April. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
ESTONIA
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since the beginning of April 2020. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
FRANCE
Travelers are advised that essential travel can resume due to the easing of international travel restrictions. Travelers from EU and Schengen states (Andorra, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Norway, San Marino, Switzerland and the Vatican) can enter the country without having to quarantine upon arrival. This excludes travelers from the UK. The entry ban on third-national citizens remains in place until at least July 1. Travel within France can continue. The use of face masks is mandatory on public transportation. The government announced that the ongoing State of Emergency will end on July 10.
On July 18, travelers in Val-d’Oise department should anticipate disruption during a demonstration against alleged police violence, and plan journeys accordingly. Participants are due to gather outside the town hall in Persan at 12:00 PM local time, when a press conference will be held. They will then march at 2:00 PM local time to neighboring Beaumont-sur-Oise. The event has been organized in protest of the July 2016 death of a Malian-French man while in police custody in Persan. Police used tear gas to disperse related demonstrations in June.
GEORGIA
Travel to Georgia should be deferred despite a gradual easing of COVID-19-related internal restrictions. As part of a multi-stage plan, authorities have permitted some businesses to resume operations and relaxed certain movement restrictions; however, inbound and outbound commercial flights remain suspended through at least July 1. All land border crossings remain closed. Travelers in country should continue to monitor COVID-19-related developments and abide by official directives.
GERMANY
Non-essential travel to Germany should be deferred despite the easing of some COVID-19-related restrictions. All of the country’s borders reopened on June 15. While restrictions on non-essential movement have been lifted, some social distancing measures remain in place nationwide. A number of states maintain additional rules, though it is expected that these will be gradually eased over the coming weeks.
GREECE
Travelers should continue to defer all travel to Greece due to enhanced COVID-19-related restrictions. While a nationwide lockdown banning all non-essential movement and transport was lifted on May 4, international travel restrictions imposed by the government in mid-March were extended. Some international flights resumed on June 15. Greek borders for tourists from the European Union, the Schengen area, and Israel opened July 1.
Travelers in main cities in the coming days should continue to anticipate demonstrations against a bill introduced by the ruling New Democracy (ND) party aimed at limiting public demonstrations in the country. On July 9, while the proposed legislation was being approved by Parliament, police used tear gas to forcibly disperse an unruly related protest in Athens. Further demonstrations in Athens, Thessaloniki city, and other urban centers are likely following the approval of the bill. These should be avoided due to the risk of unrest.
HUNGARY
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since May. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
IRELAND
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since May. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
ITALY
Essential travel to Italy can proceed after undertaking an assessment of the COVID-19 situation and entry restrictions, including the potential for sudden changes. Authorities have extended an entry ban for travelers from 13 non-EU countries. Internally, strict social distancing, testing processes, and hygiene guidance remain in effect.
LUXEMBOURG
Luxembourg Airport remains closed to passenger flights. The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since early April. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed, with schools and some non-essential business reopening on May 4.
MONTENEGRO
Travelers in Podgorica and other urban centers over the coming days should anticipate further protests over a controversial religious property law passed in December 2019. On June 21, groups associated with the Serbian Orthodox Church protested against the legislation in urban centers including Podgorica, Pljevlja, and Budva. While these passed off peacefully, future events may be forcibly dispersed by police due to a COVID-19-related ban on gatherings of more than 200 people. All such protests should be avoided as a precaution and to minimize inconvenience stemming from local disruption.
NETHERLANDS
Travelers from EU or Schengen countries can enter the Netherlands; however, travelers from Sweden and the United Kingdom are strongly advised to go into quarantine for 14 days. Travelers heading to the Netherlands from a high risk COVID-19 transmission country need to fill in a health declaration certificate prior to boarding. Exceptions include: EU citizens (including nationals of the UK) and their family members; nationals of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland and their family members; and other persons with a vital function or need. Gatherings of more than 100 are to be cancelled. This includes the closure of public places such as museums, concert venues, theatres, and sports clubs as well as the cancellation of sports matches and other events until the start of September.
NORWAY
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since early April. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
PORTUGAL
Essential travel to Portugal can proceed after undertaking an individual risk assessment of the COVID-19 situation and entry restrictions, including the potential for sudden changes. Portugal has now entered a ‘new normality’ phase, following a multi-phased de-escalation process. Restrictions on internal movement have been lifted, some domestic and international travel has resumed, and public spaces and business are reopening, although restrictions could be reimposed at any time. Strict social distancing, testing processes, and hygiene guidance remain in effect.
RUSSIA
All travel to Russia should be deferred due to ongoing international flight suspensions and entry ban for foreign nationals (with certain exemptions) through August 1. As of July 15, a 14-day quarantine is no longer required for all arrivals; however, inbound foreign nationals and Russian citizens are required to present a negative COVID-19 test result obtained 72 hours prior to arrival in Russia. Travelers without such documentation need to undergo a COVID19 test within three days of entry to the country. Those who test positive are subject to a 14-day quarantine.
SERBIA
Travelers in or traveling to Belgrade in the coming days should abide by new lockdown restrictions imposed by the government following a rise in daily COVID-19 cases. A curfew will be in place in the city from 6:00 PM local time on July 10 until 5:00 AM on July 13. The government has yet to decide whether these restrictions will be applied nationwide or only to Belgrade. A ban on gatherings of no more than five people has also been reintroduced. Protests are likely to be staged in main cities to denounce the reimposition of measures.
SLOVENIA
The outbreak of COVID-19 has passed the peak of the first wave, with the number of new cases having declined since the beginning of April 2020. There is a gradual easing of some of the restrictions that have been imposed.
SPAIN
Travelers are advised that essential travel to Spain can resume due to the easing of international travel restrictions. Nationals of EU and Schengen Area countries can freely enter Spain without having to undergo quarantine upon arrival. The whole country has now entered a ‘new normality’ phase, following a four-phase de-escalation process. Restrictions on internal movement have been lifted, though hygiene and social distancing measures will remain in force. Restrictions on non-EU nationals are likely to be gradually eased from July 1; further details are expected to be announced towards the end of June.
Travelers in Segria county should abide by the new lockdown restrictions that came into effect on July 4 due to a rise in the number of COVID-19 cases. The new restrictions include the closure of the regions’ borders to non-essential travel and a ban on meetings of more than ten people until further notice.
The municipalities of Aitona, Alcarras, La Granja d’Escarp, Lleida, Seros, Soses, and Torres de Segre are in lockdown through July 27. Similar measures are in place in Burela until July 20. Entry into or exit from these areas is not allowed. Residents may only leave their residences for going to work and essential activities such as buying food, visiting banks, and in medical emergencies. Gatherings of more than ten people are prohibited. Non-essential travel to Spain should be deferred.
SWITZERLAND
Non-essential travel to Switzerland should be deferred and travelers should consider implications for in-country and onward journeys due to COVID-19-related restrictions. Although authorities have reopened some border crossings with France and Italy, entry to Switzerland remains restricted to citizens, Liechtenstein Nationals, residents, those traveling on essential business or for emergencies, transiting through the country and freight traffic. All international railway services are suspended until further notice. These measures will remain effective until the end of September, though authorities may gradually ease them over the coming months.
UKRAINE
All travel to Ukraine should be deferred amid a State of Emergency linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. All international borders, with the exception of the shared border with Belarus and Russia, have been reopened. In Kiev, public transportation and certain retail shops reopened on May 25.
UNITED KINGDOM
Travelers should defer all travel to the UK, where restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic remain in place. The measures restrict non-essential movement, with exceptions for essential work-related travel, medical needs, carerelated activity, food shopping and physical exercise. Public gatherings of up to six people are allowed. All restaurants, pubs, bars, cinemas, and leisure centers are closed. A roadmap to gradually ease restrictions was outlined by Prime Minister Boris Johnson on May 11, though people are still advised to remain at home ‘as much as possible’ and work from home where able.
The UK has instituted a mandatory 14-day quarantine requirement for arriving people, whether they are UK residents or foreign nationals. Under the legislation, anyone arriving from anywhere other than Ireland, the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man, will have to enter 14-day isolation after they have arrived. Quarantine applies not just to those arriving by air, but also by train or ferry. On arrival, they must provide details of where they will stay during quarantine. If they don’t have a planned address to stay at, the government has said it will arrange accommodation but has not elaborated on what this might be.
